Module 1: Theoretical foundations of internal combustion engines

Content module 1: General information about internal combustion engines.

Topic №1. ICE as a source of energy. History of the origin and development of internal combustion engines.
Topic 2. Schemes of operation of four-stroke internal combustion engines.
Topic # 3. Schemes of operation of two-stroke internal combustion engines.
Topic №4. Methods of mixing four-stroke and two-stroke internal combustion engines.
Topic #5. Fuels for internal combustion engines: oil and alternative. Main characteristics and properties.

Content module 2: Ideal thermodynamic cycles of internal combustion engines.

Topic №1. Thermodynamic fundamentals of ICE working cycles.
Topic №2. Research and optimisation of thermodynamic cycles.
Topic # 3. The relationship between ideal thermodynamic cycles and the real cycle of an internal combustion engine.

Module 2: Theoretical basis for calculating the parameters of internal combustion engines

Content module 3: Calculation of the real cycle of an internal combustion engine.

Topic 1. Basic assumptions and system of calculation of the internal combustion engine cycle.
Topic №2. Calculation of filling and compression processes.
Topic # 3. Calculation of combustion, expansion and exhaust processes.
Topic #4. Indicator and effective indicators of the working cycle.

Content module 4: Characteristics and operating modes of internal combustion engines

Topic №1. Classification of characteristics and operating modes of internal combustion engines.
Topic №2. Features of the formation of speed characteristics of an internal combustion engine.
Topic №3. Features of the formation of the helical characteristic of the internal combustion engine.
Topic №4. Features of the formation of the load characteristics of an internal combustion engine.

Module 3: Calculation of the engine operating cycle (course project).

● Familiarise yourself with the design and operation of various types of internal combustion engines. Classification, marking and designation of an internal combustion engine according to its drawing and main characteristics.
● Comparison of four-stroke internal combustion engines with and without supercharging.
● Evaluation of the quality of gas exchange of two-stroke internal combustion engines with different types of blow-offs.
● Comparison of the methods of mixture formation in internal combustion engines with forced ignition: carburettion, fuel injection, and fork-chamber mixture formation.
● Comparison of different types of fuel by their environmental, cost and energy characteristics.
● Determination of the operation and thermal efficiency of a piston internal combustion engine with isobaric, isochoric and mixed heat input.
● Comparison of cycles with heat input at isobaric, isochoric and mixed heat input.
● Comparison of piston and combined engine cycles; identification of ways to improve the efficiency of internal combustion engines.
● Introduction to the methods of calculating the real cycle of an internal combustion engine.
● Determine the parameters of the working fluid at the end of the filling process. Selection of the compression ratio for different types of engines and different applications. Determination of the parameters of the working fluid at the end of the compression process.
 ● Determination of the parameters of the working fluid at the end of the expansion process. Determination of the temperature and pressure of exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold. ● Construction of a theoretical and actual indicator diagram of a two-stroke and four-stroke engine. ● Comparison of steady-state and unsteady-state modes of an internal combustion engine. ● Construction of partial speed characteristics of a self-igniting internal combustion engine. ● Construction of a bench-screw characteristic of marine internal combustion engines. ● Calculation of load characteristics of a forced-ignition engine.

Laboratory work №1. Determination of the structural ratios of internal combustion engine parts.

Laboratory work №2. Checking the gas distribution phases of a four-stroke internal combustion engine.

Laboratory work №3. Checking the gas distribution phases of a two-stroke internal combustion engine.

Laboratory work №4. Testing of a block type high pressure fuel pump.

Laboratory work №5. Determination of effective and indicator indicators of the 8CHN 12/12 engine.

Laboratory work №6. Testing of the 8CHN 12/12 engine by load characteristics.

The topic of the course project: Calculation of the engine operating cycle (brand)
Contents of the course project
1. Calculation and explanatory note (25...40 pages):
● description of the engine design and its main systems;

● selection of the main parameters of the working cycle;

● Calculation of the reference ideal engine cycle for the rated operating mode;

● Calculation of the engine's rated operating mode using the Grinevetsky-Masing method;

● comparison of the results of calculations of the rated operating mode.
2. Graphic part:
● drawing of the engine cross-section;

● construction and comparison of indicator diagrams of the engine operating process obtained by two calculation methods (ideal cycle, Grinevetsky-Masing method).
Course project assignment form

Topics of course projects (2024/2025 academic year)

Schedule of consultations on the course project (2024/2025 academic year - Professor B. Tymoshevskyi)

Guidelines for completing a course project

Prototype of the course project №1

Prototype of the course project №2

1. Define an internal combustion engine. The main stages of development of an internal combustion engine: atmospheric (the piston stroke is performed by atmospheric pressure), internal combustion engine without pre-compression of the working fluid (Lenoir engine), internal combustion engine with pre-compression of the working fluid (Otto engine, Diesel engine). Draw the appropriate explanatory diagrams.
2. Give the classification of internal combustion engines.
3. Be able to determine the main parameters of the engine by its designation in accordance with DSTU. For example, to decipher the designation 6CHN12/14; 8CHPRN2A30/38; 6DCRN45/120-7.
4. Draw a schematic diagram of a four-stroke internal combustion engine, indicate the main structural elements and their purpose. Explain the scheme of work.
5. Draw a schematic diagram of a two-stroke internal combustion engine, indicate the main structural elements and their purpose. Explain the scheme of work.
6. To draw a schematic diagram of a two-stroke internal combustion engine with oppositely moving pistons (OMP). Specify the main structural elements and purpose, explain the scheme of work.
7. Explain the difference in the organisation of the working process of an engine with compression ignition and an engine with forced ignition.
8. What is the working body of an internal combustion engine? Give the main characteristics. Is it permissible to consider the working body as a mixture of ideal gases when studying the working processes of an internal combustion engine?
9. Fuels produced from oil. Light, motor and heavy fuels. To define the basic physical and chemical properties of fuels that affect the working process of the engine.
10. Give the mass composition of diesel fuel and petrol, indicate the calorific value of these fuels.
11. Define the octane number of petrol, explain the difference between the definition of this indicator by motor and research methods.
12. Define the cetane number of diesel fuel. What is the difference between summer, winter and arctic grades of diesel fuel?
13. Provide a brief list of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines (not of petroleum origin) with a brief description of each of them.
14. Give the basic assumptions in the study of reverse thermodynamic cycles. Define the thermal efficiency of the reverse cycle ηt, the average reverse thermodynamic pressure Pt.
15. Determine the thermal efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of a reciprocating engine with isochoric heat supply using the following initial data: compression ratio ε = 9, air adiabatic coefficient k = 1.41.
16. Determine the thermal efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of a reciprocating engine with isobaric heat input for the following initial data: compression ratio ε = 16, air adiabatic coefficient k = 1.41, pre-expansion rate ρ = 1.8.
17. Determine the thermal efficiency of the thermodynamic cycle of a reciprocating engine with a mixed heat supply for the following initial data: compression ratio ε = 14, air adiabatic index k = 1.41, combustion pressure rise λ = 1.5, pre-expansion ratio ρ = 1.2.
18. Draw a diagram of the thermodynamic cycle of a combined engine with a pulse turbine (piston engine with a turbocharger) in PV and ST coordinates.
19. Compare the cycles of a reciprocating engine with isochoric and isobaric heat input, given the same amount of heat input q1 and compression ratio ε.
20. Compare the cycles of a reciprocating engine with isochoric, isobaric and mixed heat input, given the same maximum cycle pressure Pz and the same amount of heat input q1.21. What is the difference between the design cycle of an internal combustion engine and the reverse thermodynamic cycle?
22. Parameters characterising the filling process. Give the formula for determining the filling factor ηn.
23. Describe the process of heat transfer between the working body and coolants during the compression process. Give the approximate values of the compression polytropy for engines with different types of mixture formation.
24. What is the geometric and actual compression ratio?
25. Define the coefficient of excess air during fuel combustion. Give an approximate value of the excess air coefficient for petrol, gas and diesel engines.
26. What is the difference between the theoretical and actual molecular change coefficient? Give an approximate value of the theoretical molecular change coefficient for diesel fuel.
27. On the basis of which law is determined by the average heat capacity of the mixture of gases in the engine cylinder for any position of the crankshaft?
28. Define the coefficient of heat utilisation.
29. What is the nature of heat transfer between the working body and the walls of the working cylinder during the expansion stroke? Give the approximate value of the average value of the polytropic expansion.
30. How to determine the temperature of the exhaust gases in the exhaust manifold of the engine.
31. Define the indicator indicators of the working cycle. What are the initial data are calculated indicator indicators?
32. Draw an indicator diagram of the working cycle of a four-stroke engine and a pie chart of the gas distribution phases. What is the coefficient of rounding of the indicator diagram and what is the value of this coefficient for four-stroke engines?
33. Draw an indicator diagram of the working cycle of a two-stroke engine and a circular diagram of the gas distribution phases. What is the value of the indicator diagram rounding factor used in the analysis of the indicator diagram of two-stroke engines and why?
34. Why is the concept of average indicator pressure used when comparing the level of boost of different engines?
35. Determine the indicator power of the engine for the following parameters: number of cylinders ic = 6, working both cylinders Vc = 0.5 dm3, crankshaft speed n = 2000 rpm, average indicator pressure Pi = 0.98 MPa.
36. Determine the indicator power of a four-stroke engine for the following parameters: number of cylinders ic = 6, working volume of both cylinders Vc = 0.5 dm3, crankshaft speed n = 2000 rpm, average indicator pressure Pi = 0.98 MPa.
37. Determine the indicator power of a two-stroke diesel engine for the following parameters: number of cylinders i = 8, working volume of both cylinders Vc = 2 dm3, crankshaft speed n = 800 rpm, filling factor ηn = 0.92, excess air factor α = 1.9, air density in the receiver ρs = 2.2 g/m3, indicator cycle efficiency ηi = 0.48.
38. Name the types of mechanical losses in engines. What is the average pressure of mechanical losses, mechanical efficiency of the engine?
39. Define the main effective indicators of the engine operating cycle: average effective pressure, effective power, effective engine efficiency and specific effective fuel consumption.40. Give the main dependencies used to construct a calculated indicator diagram of the engine operating cycle. Construct an indicator diagram of a naturally aspirated four-stroke engine with the following initial data: maximum combustion pressure Pz = 6.5 MPa, compression ratio ε = 14, pre-expansion ratio ρ = 1.25, compression polytope index n1 = 1.35, expansion polytope index n2 = 1.28.
41. Construct an indicator diagram of a two-stroke engine with the following initial data: maximum combustion pressure Pz = 8.5 MPa, true compression ratio ε = 13, pre-expansion ratio ρ = 1.2, compression polytope index n1 = 1.33, expansion polytope index n2 = 1.27, eye air purge pressure Ps = 0.15 MPa.
42. Name the main harmful substances formed during engine operation. What is the difference between the composition of toxic emissions for petrol, diesel and gas engines.
43. Name the main means of reducing the toxicity of engines with forced ignition. What is a catalytic converter of exhaust gases?
44. Name the main means of reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases of a diesel engine. What is a particulate filter? How does the use of exhaust gas recirculation reduce nitrogen oxide emissions?
45. Draw a diagram of an elementary carburettor, explain the principle of mixture formation in carburettor engines.
46. What are the advantages and disadvantages of electronic systems of petrol injection in the intake pipework compared to the carburettor? Draw a schematic diagram of the injection system with the definition of the main elements.
47. What types of mixing are used in gas engines?
48. Ways to organise the layered mixture in engines with forced ignition.
49. What are the differential and integral characteristics of fuel injection.
50. List the main factors influencing the processes of fuel spraying, development and structure of the fuel jet.
51. Explain the features of the processes of mixture formation in diesel engines with split combustion chambers: pre-chambers and vortex chambers.
52. Explain the essence of mixture formation in semi-separated combustion chambers of diesel engines. What are the main types of mixture formation in this case?
53. How can the mixture formation in diesel engines with an open combustion chamber be improved?
54. What are the concentration limits of fuel ignition? Give an approximate value of the lower and upper limits for petrol and natural gas.
55. What are the characteristics of heat release? Draw a schematic view of the characteristics of heat emission of a diesel engine with an open combustion chamber, list the main phases of the combustion process.
56. Draw a schematic diagram of the characteristics of heat emission of a petrol engine, list the main phases of the combustion process.
57. Explain the effect of the ignition advance angle on the appearance of the indicator diagram of a petrol engine. What is the optimal ignition advance angle.
58. List the main violations of the combustion process of a forced-ignition engine (petrol engine), explain their essence.
59. What is the point of using a multi-stage fuel injection process in diesel engines with an open combustion chamber.
60. Explain the principle of operation of a high-pressure fuel pump of the multi-plunger type (i.e. with an individual plunger for servicing each cylinder). Draw a schematic diagram.61. Explain the principle of operation of a high-pressure plunger type fuel distribution pump. Draw a schematic diagram.
62. Explain the principle of operation of the battery fuel injection system (common rail type).
63. Write the Wiebe equation for determining the rate of heat release. Draw a schematic view of the heat release curves calculated using this equation. Determine the limits of this approach.
64. Briefly describe more accurate approaches to modelling the fuel burning process: Razleitsev's method, two-dimensional and three-dimensional CFD simulation.
65. Draw a pie chart of the gas distribution phases of a four-stroke diesel engine with and without supercharging. Indicate the approximate value of the gas distribution phases, the main phases of the intake and exhaust processes. Explain the reason for the difference in the gas distribution phases of supercharged and naturally aspirated engines.
66. Draw a circular indicator diagram of a two-stroke diesel engine with a contour blower. Indicate the main phases of the intake and exhaust processes. Explain the symmetry of the gas distribution phases relative to the piston's NMT. Why did some engines have spool valves on the exhaust (or intake) windows?
67. What is the fraction of the piston stroke lost to gas exchange? What is its value in two-stroke and four-stroke engines?
68. Draw a circular indicator diagram of two-stroke engines with direct-flow purge schemes: direct-flow - valve and direct-flow - slot. Indicate the main phases of the intake and exhaust processes. What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct-flow purge compared to circuit systems?
69. What is the effect of the angle of overlap of the intake and exhaust gas exchange bodies on the operating cycle of four-stroke engines of different types (with external and internal methods of mixture formation)? Give an approximate value of the overlap angle for different engines.
70. Give the definitions and calculation formulas of the main parameters that characterise the quality of the gas exchange process: filling ratio, purge ratio, excess purge air ratio, residual gas ratio.
71. What is a diagram of a live section of gas distribution bodies?
72. What is a supercritical exhaust? What is the velocity of exhaust gases in the minimum cross-section of the gas outlet body at supercritical release, how to calculate it?
73. Explain the methodology for calculating gas exchange processes within the framework of the differential calculation of the internal combustion engine operating cycle.
74. What is the purpose of supercharging an internal combustion engine? What are the main types of supercharging?
75. Explain why gas turbine supercharging can improve engine efficiency?
76. What are the combined systems of engine supercharging? What is the scope of use of such supercharging systems?
77. Give the combined hydraulic characteristics of the engine and the characteristics of the centrifugal compressor. Explain the considerations for selecting a turbocharger for supercharging.
78. Give a joint hydraulic characteristic of an engine and a volumetric compressor. What are the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical supercharging systems compared to turbocharging?
79. Give the characteristics of the turbocharger turbine in the parameters Gtp, ηt = f (np, Pt). Explain the need to adjust the turbocharger.
80. Give the power balance equation of the compressor and turbocharger turbine for the case of isobaric supercharging. How is it necessary to supplement the obtained equation for pulsed supercharging systems?81. How is heat transferred from the working fluid to the cylinder walls?
82. What factors determine the amount of heat transferred to the coolants from the working fluid?
83. What are the main approaches to the calculation of heat transfer in an internal combustion engine cylinder you know (integral, differential, CFD)?
84. What is the average heat transfer coefficient from the gas to the cylinder walls and the resulting temperature of the gases in the cylinder? How are they determined?
85. Give the main methods of calculating the thermal state of parts of the cylinder-piston group: the idea of one-dimensional heat flow through a flat wall, the method of finite differences for two-dimensional heat flow, the finite element method.
86. What factors determine the permissible temperatures for parts of the cylinder-piston group?
87. What are the criteria of thermal stress?
88. What is the external heat balance of the engine? Give the equation of the external heat balance of the combined engine. Indicate the approximate relative share of each component of the equation.
89. What is the utilisation of heat losses? Give examples of utilisation systems.
90. Define the steady-state and unsteady-state modes of an internal combustion engine.
91. What is the characteristic of the engine? What types of engine characteristics you know?
92. Give a typical dependence of the torque on the engine crankshaft rotation frequency for the external speed characteristics of transport diesel and petrol engines without supercharging. Which type of engine is more suitable for use in a vehicle and why?
93. What is the adaptability factor and speed factor?
94. Peculiarities of the external speed characteristic of a transport diesel engine with regulated and unregulated free gas turbocharging. What are the advantages of turbocharger control?
95. Define the helical characteristic. How do the main indicators of the operating cycle of a naturally aspirated diesel engine change when operating according to the helical characteristic.
96. How do the main indicators of the operating cycle of the engine with forced ignition change when operating on the load characteristic?
97. What are the limiting characteristics? What limiting characteristics do you know?
98. Give examples of characteristics of regulation of petrol and diesel engines.
99. Describe the main means of controlling internal combustion engines: quantitative, qualitative and mixed. Indicate in which types of engines embodies a particular type of regulation and explain why.
100. How is the value of mechanical efficiency of an engine determined when operating according to the locomotive characteristic if the value of mechanical efficiency at the nominal operating mode is known?

Main literature
1. Dyachenko V. G. Internal combustion engines. Theory : textbook. Kharkiv: NTU ‘KhPI’, 2008. 488 p.
2. Nalyvayko V. S., Tymoshevskyi B. H., Tkachenko S. H.. Marine internal combustion engines: textbook. Mykolaiv: Torubar V.V. Publishing House, 2015. 332 p.
3. Abramchuk F. I., Gutarevych Y. F., Dolganov K. E., Timchenko I. I. Automobile engines: a textbook. Kyiv: Aristey, 2006. 476 p.
4. Shapko V. F., Shapko S. V. Fundamentals of the theory and dynamics of automobile engines: textbook. Kharkiv: Tochka, 2016. 232 p.
5. Artyukh O. M., Dudarenko O. V., Kuzmin V. V., Sosyk A. Y., Shcherbyna A. V. Transport power plants: a textbook. Zaporizhzhia: National University of Zaporizhzhia Polytechnic, 2021. 264 p.
6. Tymoshevskyi B., Mitrofanov O., Proskurin A. Fundamentals of technical operation of marine internal combustion engines: a textbook. Mykolaiv: Torubara V.V. Publisher, 2024. 302 p.
Supporting literature
1. Internal combustion engines: A series of textbooks in 6 volumes / edited by Prof. A.P. Marchenko, Honoured Worker of Science of Ukraine Prof. A.F. Shekhovtsov. Kharkiv: Publishing centre of NTU ‘KhPI’, 2004. Vol. 1: Development of designs of forced engines of land transport machines. 493 с.
2. Challen B., Baranescu R. Diesel Engine Reference Book. Second edition Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999. - 675 p.
3. Lakshminarayanan P. A., Avinash Kumar Agarwal. Design and Development of Heavy Duty Diesel Engines. Springer, 2020. - 912 p.
4. Modern marine diesel engines: features of design, operation and automated control. Odesa: OMA, 2019. - 217 p.
5. Grieshabe, H., Raatz, T. (2014). Basic principles of the diesel engine. In: Reif, K. (eds) Diesel Engine Management. Bosch Professional Automotive Information. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03981-3_3
6. Latarche M. Pounder's marine diesel engines and gas turbines. Tenth edition. Elsevier Ltd, 2021. - 930 p.
7. Bennett S. Modern Diesel Technology: Light Duty Diesels. New York: Delmar, 2012. - 412 p.

Information resources on the Internet
1. Науково-технічний журнал «Двигуни внутрішнього згоряння». Національний технічний університет “Харківський політехнічний інститут”.2. Науково-технічний журнал «Суднові енергетичні установки». Націона-льний університет “Одеська морська академія”.3. https://www.man-es.com/marine/4. https://wingd.com/products-solutions/engines/